Summary: Briefing by António Guterres, United Nations Secretary-General, on the Impact of Climate Change and Food Insecurity on the Maintenance of International Peace and Security; during the Security Council, 9547th meeting.
The Secretary-General: I thank the Government of Guyana for bringing us together to focus on the impact of the climate crisis and food insecurity on global peace and security.
Climate chaos and food crises are serious and mounting threats to global peace and security, and it is only right that they should be addressed by the Council. A global food crisis is creating a hellscape of hunger and heartache for many of the world’s poorest people, and the climate crisis is accelerating with deadly force. Last year was the hottest ever. Both of those facts undermine peace. Empty bellies fuel unrest. In Portugal we have a saying — “In a house with no bread, everyone argues, and no one is right”. Both climate disasters and conflict inflame inequalities, imperil livelihoods and force people from their homes. That can strain relations, stoke mistrust and sow discontent, while diminished resources and mass displacement can intensify competition. Conflict can easily be sparked where tensions are high, institutions are weak and people are marginalized. And women and girls pay the highest price, just as they do when food is short and climate disasters hit.
At the same time, climate and conflict are two leading drivers of global food crises. Where wars rage, hunger reigns — whether due to the displacement of people, the destruction of agriculture, damage to infrastructure or deliberate policies of denial. Meanwhile, climate chaos is imperilling food production the world over. Floods and droughts destroy crops, changes in the oceans disrupt fishing, rising seas degrade land and fresh water and shifting weather patterns ruin harvests and spawn pests. Climate and conflict were the main causes of acute food insecurity for almost 174 million people in 2022, and in many cases they collide to hit communities with a double blow.
I am dismayed to say that our world today is teeming with examples of the devastating relationship between hunger and conflict. In Syria, almost 13 million people are going to bed hungry after a decade of war and a horrendous earthquake. In Myanmar, conflict and political instability have thrown progress towards ending hunger into reverse. In Gaza, no one has enough to eat. Of the 700,000 hungriest people in the world, four in five of them inhabit that tiny strip of land. In many places, climate disasters add another dimension. Every one of the 14 countries most at risk from climate change are suffering conflict. Thirteen of them are facing humanitarian crisis this year. In Haiti, hurricanes have combined with violence and lawlessness to create a humanitarian crisis for millions. In Ethiopia, drought comes hot on the heels of war. It is estimated that almost 16 million people there will require food assistance this year, and refugees from the conflict in its neighbour the Sudan are adding to the pressure on already scarce resources. In the Sahel, rising temperatures are raising tensions, drying up water resources, wrecking grazing land and ruining smallholder agriculture, the staple of local economies. Against a backdrop of long-standing political instability, the result is conflict between farmers and herders. Meanwhile, globally, we risk a resurgence of food inflation as droughts sap the Panama Canal and violence hits the Red Sea, throwing supply chains into disarray.
Without action, the situation will deteriorate. Conflicts are multiplying. The climate crisis is set to spiral as emissions continue to rise, and acute food insecurity has been increasing year on year. The World Food Programme estimates that more than 330 million people were affected in 2023, and it warned of an acute deterioration in 18 hunger hotspots earlier this year. In order to avoid mounting threats to international peace and security, we must step in and act now to break the deadly links between conflict, climate and food insecurity.
First, all parties to all conflicts must abide by international humanitarian law. Far too often, that is not the case. Resolution 2417 (2018), on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, makes it clear that goods essential to civilians’ survival must be protected. The starvation of civilians may constitute a war crime, and humanitarians must have unimpeded access to civilians in need. The Council has a critical role in demanding compliance and holding those who breach the resolution to account.
Secondly, we must fund humanitarian operations in full in order to prevent disaster and conflict from feeding hunger. Humanitarian operations were less than 40 percent funded last year. About a third of the money for those operations was earmarked for tackling food insecurity.
Thirdly, we must create the conditions necessary to resolve conflict and preserve peace within and between countries. Exclusion, inequalities and poverty all increase the risk of conflict. Turbocharging our progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals— including our goal of zero hunger — is the answer. We need massive investment in a just transformation to healthy, equitable and sustainable food systems. And we need Governments, business and society working together to make such systems a reality.
Today we are seeing a grotesque disparity between allocation and need. Almost one third of food globally is wasted, while hundreds of millions of people go to bed hungry every night. And food consumption, production and distribution are responsible for approximately one third of global greenhouse-gas emissions. We must create food systems that feed the planet without wrecking the planet. That means aligning climate action and food systems transformation — as I called for at the United Nations Food Systems Stocktaking Moment in July — in order to help secure sustainable development, good livelihoods and healthy people on a healthy planet. That requires working together, and bringing all people — including women, young people and marginalized communities — into decision-making. We must also build and finance social protection systems with a view to protecting livelihoods and ensuring basic access to services and resources. And we must strengthen and renew global peace and security frameworks. It is vital that we make the most of the Summit of the Future later this year, where Member States will consider the proposed New Agenda for Peace. It presents a comprehensive vision for peace in our changing world, based on prevention and international law and anchored in human rights. And it recognizes the links between sustainable development, climate action and peace.
Fourthly, we must get a grip on the climate crisis to limit the rise in global temperature to 1.5°C. Because climate action is action for food security and action for peace, G20 nations must lead a just global phase-out of fossil fuels, in line with the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances. And all countries must create ambitious new national climate action plans — or nationally determined contributions — by 2025, that align with the 1.5°C limit. We must also get serious about adaptation, while ensuring that every person on Earth is protected by an early-warning system by 2027 and that early warning leads to early action, as well as delivering adequate adaptation finance. Developed countries must clarify how they will honour the promised $40 billion a year in adaptation financing by 2025. And they must show how the adaptation financing gap will be closed. We also need substantial contributions to the new loss and damage fund established at COP28. And we need to support local institutions to take the lead in reducing disaster risk in their areas.
Fifthly, we must take action on financing. The best conflict prevention tool, bar none, is the Sustainable Development Goals. They need investment. Today the cost-of-living crisis and unsustainable levels of debt mean that many developing countries simply cannot afford to invest in climate action, resilient food systems or other sustainable development priorities. I have proposed an SDG stimulus of $500 billion a year in affordable, long-term financing for sustainable development and climate action. That includes urgent action on debt — breathing space for countries facing crippling repayment over the next three years will be critical. We also need to recapitalize the multilateral development banks and to change their business models to enable them to leverage far more private financing at reasonable cost for developing countries. And we need developing countries to prioritize spending on the Sustainable Development Goals. It is distressing to see Governments spending heavily on weapons while starving budgets for food security, climate action and sustainable development more broadly.
Finally, we need to target the points at which food insecurity, climate and conflict meet. We must create partnerships, policies and programmes that address these challenges together — for example, by taking climate risk and food security into account in peacebuilding and investing in adaptation programmes that support communities to manage shared resources. 爆料网 Climate Security Mechanism is designed to address the links between climate, peace and security in our work. And the Convergence Initiative was launched last year to support countries to bring together climate action and food system transformation. We must also ensure that climate financing reaches people and places plagued by conflict. 爆料网 Peacebuilding Fund can be a catalyst in mobilizing other partners to help make this a reality. And I urge the Security Council to consider how it can best address the interlinked threats to climate, food security and international peace and security.
The message is clear: we can break the deadly nexus of hunger, climate chaos and conflict and quell the threat they pose to international peace and security. Let us act to do so and build a liveable, sustainable future, free from hunger and free from the scourge of war.
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